Pulmonary hypertension in the dog

Canine pulmonary hypertension is a clinical condition that needs to be adequately investigated and recognised because of the lack of specific clinical signs, the potential for rapid and irreversible deterioration of pulmonary vascular function and the development of right-sided heart failure. In recent years, many studies have been published on pulmonary hypertension, improving the understanding of its pathophysiology, the accuracy of diagnostic tests and the management of affected patients. This article provides updated information on pulmonary hypertension and serves as a resource for veterinarians regarding the interpretation of diagnostic tests and the clinical management of affected dogs

Evaluation of pet animals involved in assisted interventions (AAI) as potential carriers of bacteria resistant to antimicrobials: Preliminary data

open8noopenDotto, G.; Pasotto, D.; Poser, H.; Menandro, M.L.; Berlanda, M.; Falomo, M.E.; Mondin, A.; Martini, M.Dotto, Giorgia; Pasotto, Daniela; Poser, Helen; Menandro, MARIA LUISA; Berlanda, Michele; Falomo, MARIA ELENA; Mondin, Alessandra; Martini, Marc

Survey of Methicillin-resistant coagulase positive Staphylococcus spp. carriage in healthy dogs and dogs with skin disease

Canine skin diseases (SD) are very common in the veterinary practice and are often complicated by recurrent bacterial infection. Affected dogs usually need multiple cycles of antibiotic treatments (AT) that can lead to development of multidrug resistant strains [1]. Coagulase-positive staphylococci (CPS) are the most often isolated pathogens from canine SD. The aim of this study is to assess the prevalence of multidrug and methicillin resistant coagulase-positive staphylococci (MRScp) isolated from healthy dogs and dogs with SD, and to evaluate the correlation with clinical scores and previous AT. Forty-nine dogs were enrolled: 25 healthy and 24 with SD. Clinical history and previous AT were recorded. After a complete physical examination, clinical scores (CADESI-3 and pruritus) were calculated. Skin swabs from mouth, ear, genitalia, axilla and skin lesions, when present, were cultured in a nutrient and in a selective medium for MRScp. Suspected Staphylococcus colonies were identified by Maldi-Tof MS and specific PCR; methicillin resistance was confirmed by a PCR targeting mecA gene. Susceptibility tests and genetic typing, including spa-typing, SCCmec-typing and MLST were performed on isolates. Normal distribution of data was tested with Shapiro-Wilk test. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and z-test if normally distributed, otherwise with Mann-Whitney Test. Correlations between bacterial resistance and clinical scores or previous AT were assessed by Spearman test. P-value <0.05 was considered significant. Ninety-five strains of CPS were isolated from 229 samples. A total of 13/95 strains were MRScp and were identified as Staphylococcus pseudintermedius. Among them, 10 were multidrug resistant and two were isolated from healthy dogs. The Sequence Type 71, spa-type t02 e SCCmec type II-III, which represents the main clonal strain in Europe [2], was the most frequently identified genetic type (11/13) also in this study. Staphylococci were more commonly isolated from axilla, genitalia and ear conduct of dogs with SD compared with healthy dogs (p<0.001). Four out of the 6 MRScp positive dogs had received AT in the previous 6 months. No significant correlations between clinical scores or previous AT and methicillin resistance was found. Although the low number of dogs included in the study could have affected the results of the investigated correlations, this study confirms the role of Staphylococcus pseudintermedius in canine pyoderma and shows that pet dogs may play a significant role as MRScp carriers. Furthermore, close attention should be also paid also to the control of healthy dogs

Prevalence and prognostic role of L wave and selected clinical and echocardiographic variables in dogs with atrial fibrillation

Background: Information regarding the frequency of L waves and their prognostic relevance in dogs with secondary atrial fibrillation (AF) is limited. Hypothesis/objectives: To determine whether L waves occur and ascertain their prognostic role, as well as the role of other clinical and echocardiographic variables in dogs with AF. Animals: Fifty-five dogs with AF associated with myxomatous mitral valve disease or dilated cardiomyopathy. Methods: Retrospective, multicenter observational study. In addition to L waves analysis, other clinical and echocardiographic variables, including type of antiarrhythmic treatment, were evaluated. A survival analysis was performed to test for predictors of cardiac death and all-cause mortality using Cox proportional hazards regression models. Results: L waves were evident in 33/55 dogs (60%, 95% confidence interval [CI]&nbsp;=&nbsp;47%-72%) but their presence did not influence outcome. Increased left ventricular end-systolic diameter normalized for body weight (LVSDn) was a significant predictor of both cardiac death (hazard ratio [HR]&nbsp;=&nbsp;4.41, 95% CI&nbsp;=&nbsp;1.18-16.54; P&nbsp;=&nbsp;.03) and all-cause mortality (HR&nbsp;=&nbsp;9.39, 95% CI&nbsp;=&nbsp;2.49-35.32; P &lt; .001). Heart rate assessed during echocardiography (Echo-HR) represented an additional significant predictor of cardiac death (HR&nbsp;=&nbsp;1.01, 95% CI&nbsp;=&nbsp;1.00-1.01; P&nbsp;=&nbsp;.04) and all-cause mortality (HR&nbsp;=&nbsp;1.01, 95% CI&nbsp;=&nbsp;1.00-1.01; P&nbsp;=&nbsp;.04). Conclusions and clinical importance: L waves occurred frequently in dogs with AF, but held no prognostic relevance. Conversely, LVSDn and Echo-HR represented independent predictors of negative outcome in these animals

Echocardiographic predictors of first onset of atrial fibrillation in dogs with myxomatous mitral valve disease

n/

Aortic stenting in the growing sheep causes aortic endothelial dysfunction but not hypertension: Clinical implications for coarctation repair

Stent implantation is the treatment of choice for adolescents and adults with aortic coarctation (CoAo). Despite excellent short-term results, 20%-40% of the patients develop arterial hypertension later in life, which was attributed to inappropriate response of the aortic baroreceptors to increased stiffness of the ascending aorta (ASAO), either congenital or induced by CoAo repair. In particular, it has been hypothesized that stent itself may cause or sustain hypertension. Therefore, we aimed to study the hemodynamic and structural impact following stent implantation in the normal aorta of a growing animal

Development of an artificial intelligence-based method for the diagnosis of the severity of myxomatous mitral valve disease from canine chest radiographs

An algorithm based on artificial intelligence (AI) was developed and tested to classify different stages of myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD) from canine thoracic radiographs. The radiographs were selected from the medical databases of two different institutions, considering dogs over 6 years of age that had undergone chest X-ray and echocardiographic examination. Only radiographs clearly showing the cardiac silhouette were considered. The convolutional neural network (CNN) was trained on both the right and left lateral and/or ventro-dorsal or dorso-ventral views. Each dog was classified according to the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine (ACVIM) guidelines as stage B1, B2 or C + D. ResNet18 CNN was used as a classification network, and the results were evaluated using confusion matrices, receiver operating characteristic curves, and t-SNE and UMAP projections. The area under the curve (AUC) showed good heart-CNN performance in determining the MMVD stage from the lateral views with an AUC of 0.87, 0.77, and 0.88 for stages B1, B2, and C + D, respectively. The high accuracy of the algorithm in predicting the MMVD stage suggests that it could stand as a useful support tool in the interpretation of canine thoracic radiographs

The isolated carboxy-terminal domain of human mitochondrial leucyl-tRNA synthetase rescues the pathological phenotype of mitochondrial tRNA mutations in human cells.

Mitochondrial (mt) diseases are multisystem disorders due to mutations in nuclear or mtDNA genes. Among the latter, more than 50% are located in transfer RNA (tRNA) genes and are responsible for a wide range of syndromes, for which no effective treatment is available at present. We show that three human mt aminoacyl-tRNA syntethases, namely leucyl-, valyl-, and isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase are able to improve both viability and bioenergetic proficiency of human transmitochondrial cybrid cells carrying pathogenic mutations in the mt-tRNA(Ile) gene. Importantly, we further demonstrate that the carboxy-terminal domain of human mt leucyl-tRNA synthetase is both necessary and sufficient to improve the pathologic phenotype associated either with these "mild" mutations or with the "severe" m.3243A>G mutation in the mt-tRNA(L)(eu(UUR)) gene. Furthermore, we provide evidence that this small, non-catalytic domain is able to directly and specifically interact in vitro with human mt-tRNA(Leu(UUR)) with high affinity and stability and, with lower affinity, with mt-tRNA(Ile). Taken together, our results sustain the hypothesis that the carboxy-terminal domain of human mt leucyl-tRNA synthetase can be used to correct mt dysfunctions caused by mt-tRNA mutations